KB Agri Classes

  AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY  Unit 1: Cell Structure and Function Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell architecture, Cell wall, plasma membrane, Structure and function of cell organelles: vacuoles, mitochondria, plastids, golgi apparatus, ER, peroxisomes, glyoxisomes. Cell division, regulation of cell cycle, Protein secretion and targeting, Cell division, growth and differentiation. Unit 2 : Biomolecules and Metabolism Structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, Synthesis of carbohydrate, glycolysis, HMP, Citric acid cycle and metabolic regulation, Oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation, Vitamins, plant hormones. Functional molecules, antioxidants, nutrient precursor, HSPs, anti-viral compounds. Unit 3: Enzymology Enzymes, structure conformation, classification, assay, isolation, purification and characterization, catalytic specificity, mechanism of action, active site, regulation of enzyme activity. Unit 4: Molecular Geneti...

  Biofertilizers: Natural Boosters for Soil and Crop Health Biofertilizers are living microorganisms that help improve plant growth by increasing the availability of nutrients in the soil. They are not chemical fertilizers and do not directly supply nutrients. Instead, they support natural processes that make nutrients easier for plants to absorb. Biofertilizers are an important part of sustainable and organic farming. What Are Biofertilizers ? Biofertilizers contain useful microorganisms that are added to the soil or applied to seeds. These organisms help fix nitrogen from the air, improve phosphorus uptake, or break down organic matter. They help plants grow stronger and improve soil fertility without harming the environment. Biofertilizers reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and help lower farming costs. Types of Biofertilizers 1. Rhizobium (Soybean Inoculum) This is the most common biofertilizer used in Zambia. It contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria that form nodules on the...

  Differentiation between Late Blight & Early Blight of Tomato: Late Blight÷ 1.Irregular, water-soaked dark spots 2.Rapid spread in cool, wet weather kbagriclasses 3.Light green halos around lesions 4.Affects leaves, stems, and fruits severely Early Blight÷ 1.Small, round spots with concentric rings. 2.Slow spread, starts on older leaves 3.Yellowing around spots 4.Stem and fruit lesions with dark rings

  ✅ Common Fungal Diseases in🍅 Tomato: 1. Early blight (Alternaria solani) 2. Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) 3. Powdery mildew 4. Fusarium wilt 5. Septoria leaf spot 6. Damping off (in seedlings) -------------------------------- Recommended Fungicides for Tomato Crop: ------------------------------------------------ Disease Fungicide Name Chemical Name (Group) Dosage (per litre) Notes Early Blight Antracol Propineb (Contact) 2.5–3 g Use every 7–10 days Ridomil Gold Metalaxyl + Mancozeb 2 g Systemic + contact Late Blight Curzate M8 Cymoxanil + Mancozeb 2.5 g Start at early signs Kavach Chlorothalonil 2–2.5 g Good preventive control Powdery Mildew Sulfex Sulphur (Wettable) 2–3 g Avoid during hot weather Topas Penconazole (Systemic) 1 ml Use alternately with other fungicides Fusarium Wilt Bavistin Carbendazim (Systemic) 1 g Soil drenching + seed treatment Septoria Leaf Spot Mancozeb Contact fungicide 2–3 g Spray weekly if humid conditions Damping Off Captan/Thiram Seed treatm...

   The disaster management act was enacted in the year 2005. True The point of the earth's surface directly above the point where an earthquake occurs is called the Focus. False (It is called the Epicenter) The center of the cyclone is characterized by low pressure. True Generally, the number on Richter scale ranges between 1 to 12. False (The Richter scale technically has no upper limit, though practical measurements are between 0 and 9) Ozone depletion is caused by the increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. False (Ozone depletion is caused by chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances) Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Methane is higher than Carbon dioxide. True Montreal Protocol is associated with limiting earth average temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. False (The Montreal Protocol addresses substances that deplete the ozone layer, while the Paris Agreement focuses on tempe...

 🟢 INDIA'S FIRST IN NEWS 2024-25 🔷 Maharashtra: India's first Artificial Intelligence (AI) university to drive AI education, research, and innovation.   🔶 Tata Steel: India's first to develop hydrogen transport pipes.   🔷 SSI Mantra: India’s first indigenous surgical tele-robotic system.   🔶 Pixxel: Bengaluru-based space-tech company launches India’s first private satellite constellation, named Firefly.   🔷 Sikkim: India’s first Organic Fisheries Cluster launched.   🔶 Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu: India’s first glass bridge over the sea inaugurated by Tamil Nadu CM M K Stalin.   🔷 Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh: India’s first Integrated Waste Management City-cum-Learning Centre, set for September 2025.   🔶 Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh: India’s first modern self-sufficient gaushala with a Compressed Biogas (CBG) plant launched.   🔷 Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh: India’s inaugural night safari being developed.  ...

Whitefly, a significant pest of tomato crops Tomato Whitefly -Bemisia tabaci Life cycle·  Females lay up to 150 eggs each attached to the underside of younger leaves. Eggs hatch in eight to ten days.  ·Eggs hatch into a first instar nymphal stage that has legs and antennae and is mobile; travels a short distance before settling to feed on plant tissue.  ·There are four nymphal stages. The second and third instar nymphs are stationary and remain attached to the leaf surface, and have a scale-like appearance. They continue feeding until developing into the fourth and final nymphal stage.  ·The fourth nymphal instar, often called the pupa or the red-eyed nymph, is the easiest to identify. ·The active adult whitefly is largely responsible for virus spread from plant to plant. It takes 18 to 28 days from egg to adult in warm weather and 30 to 48 days in winter.  Damage causing stages:  Second and third instar larval stages that feed on the leaves and suck sap....